Depression in Children
H. Luis Vargas, MA., MFT Intern - Doctoral Student, LLU

Until recently, it was thought that children and adolescents did not experience clinical depression. It was assumed that they were simply going through "a phase" or "growing pains." It was expected that their sadness would be something that they could overcome with time. After all, they are children and what problems or concerns could they possibly have? However, several studies have found that children and adolescents do have symptoms of depression similar to those experienced by adults.

Extent of the Problem 

Studies have shown that approximately 2% of children and 6% of adolescents may suffer from clinical depression. Statistics show that at least 10% of all American children suffer from depression, although many of the symptoms go unrecognized or unobserved. Furthermore, since World War II, clinical depression seems to be increasingly prevalent and we are seeing evidence of depression at earlier ages. The events of 9/11 have probably contributed to even higher numbers of children and adolescents suffering the effects of depression.

Symptoms

A person suffering from the effects of depression may present an increased risk for suicide and substance abuse. In addition, a child or adolescent may exhibit problems in academic, social, and family functioning. The major features include:

  • Sad mood, indicated by a sad facial expression
  • Feelings of sadness or hopelessness
  • Irritability or anger and feelings of guilt or low self-esteem
  • Poor concentration or forgetfulness
  • Increased appetite or weight gain
  • Loss of appetite or failure to obtain normal weight gain
  • Expresses thoughts or ideas of suicide or attempts suicide
  • Change in school performance
  • Negative self-statements
  • Social avoidance or withdrawal
  • Somatic complaints (for example, headaches, stomachaches)

Interventions

Group therapy may be helpful for some children. In group therapy sessions, children are encouraged to practice identifying, expressing, and acting out feelings. Individual and Family Therapy may also be helpful. 

In addition, here are an increasing number of self-help books available.

There are free resources available for parents of teens by dialing 1 800 840-6517. Ask for "Difficult Teens; Suggestions and Solutions" and "Teen Drug Use; 34 Warning Signs."

Spirituality

It is important to have children and adolescents participate in wholesome activities and relationships moving toward wholeness of spirit. Check to see if your local Church sponsors groups or activities that your child may participate in and develop relationships.

Keep in mind that children often manage stress and tension through action and play activities. Therefore, provide your child with opportunity for fun and recreation. 

Reference:

Kovacs, M. (1996) . Presentation and course of major depression disorder during childhood and later years of the life span. Journal of the AmericanAcademy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 705-715.

Nissen, G. (1986) . Treatment for depression in children and adolescents. Psychopathology, 19, 1556-161.